【研究】Groundwater | Volume 58, Issue 5
自2020年年初起，达西环境DE公众号将对《Groundwater》期刊每期论文开始传送，《Groundwater》期刊为双月刊。转眼一年过去了，近期会陆续放出，下面是2020年第五期刊发论文，供阅览。
前四期可见页面最后的“往期推荐”。
Guest Editorial
The Groundwater Project: Democratizing Groundwater Knowledge
JohnCherry
地下水项目：使地下水知识民主化
Research Papers
1．Consequences of Groundwater‐Model VerticalDiscretization in Risk‐Based Decision‐Making
byJeremy T. White, Matthew J. Knowling, Catherine R. Moore
基于风险决策地下水模型垂直离散化的后果
Oneof the first and most important decisions facing practitioners when constructinga numerical groundwater model is vertical discretization. Several factors willinfluence this decision, such as the conceptual model of the system andhydrostratigraphy, data availability, resulting computational burden, and thepurpose of the modeling analysis. Using a coarse vertical discretization is anattractive option for practitioners because it reduces data requirements andmodel construction efforts, can increase model stability, and can reducecomputational demand. However, using a coarse vertical discretization as a formof model simplification is not without consequence; this may give rise tounwanted side‐effects such as biases in decision‐relevantsimulated outputs. Given its foundational role in the modeled representation ofthe aquifer system, herein we investigate how vertical discretization mayaffect decision‐relevant simulated outputs using apaired complex‐simple model analysis. A Bayesianframework and decision analysis approach are adopted. Two case studies areconsidered, one of a synthetic, linked unsaturated‐zone/surface‐water/groundwaterhydrologic model and one of a real‐world linked surface‐water/groundwaterhydrologic‐nitrate transport model. With thesemodels, we analyze decisions related to abstraction‐inducedchanges in ecologically important streamflow characteristics and differences ingroundwater and surface‐water nitrateconcentrations and mass loads following potential land‐usechange. We show that for some decision‐relevant simulatedoutputs, coarse vertical discretization induces bias in important simulatedoutputs, and can lead to incorrect resource management action. For others, acoarse vertical discretization has little or no consequence for resourcemanagement decision‐making.
垂直离散化是构建数值地下水模型时从业人员面临的第一个也是最重要的问题之一。系统和水文地层的概念模型，数据可用性，产生的计算负担以及建模分析的目的等会影响其决策。使用粗略的垂直离散化对从业者来说是一个有吸引力的选择，因为它减少了数据需求和模型构建工作，可以增加模型稳定性，并减少计算需求。但是，使用粗略的垂直离散化作为模型简化的形式可能会引起不良的副作用，比如在模拟输出中出现偏差。鉴于其在含水层系统的建模中的基础作用，我们在此使用配对的简单模型分析方法研究垂直离散化如何影响与决策相关的模拟输出。采用贝叶斯框架和决策分析方法。考虑了两个案例研究，一个是合成的，链接的非饱和区/地表水/地下水水文模型，另一个是实例的链接的地表水/地下水水文硝酸盐运移模型。利用这些模型，我们分析了与潜在生态用途变化引起的重要生态流量特征的抽象变化以及地下水和地表水硝酸盐浓度及质量负荷的差异有关的决策。我们表明，对于某些与决策相关的模拟输出，粗略的垂直离散化会在重要的模拟输出中引起偏差，并可能导致错误的资源管理操作。对于其他人，粗略的垂直离散化对资源管理决策几乎没有影响。
2. Aquifer Imagingwith Oscillatory Hydraulic Tomography: Application at the Field Scale
by Michael Cardiff, YaoQuanZhou, Warren Barrash, Peter K. Kitanidis
振荡液压层析成像的含水层成像：现场规模的应用
Modeling andlaboratory experiments have demonstrated the ability of oscillatory hydraulictomography (OHT) to characterize heterogeneity in aquifer hydraulic properties.In OHT, a location is stressed via periodic pumping/injection at a setfrequency, and the resulting head signal is measured at a number of monitoringlocations. The source of oscillations is repeatedly moved, allowing tomographicimaging of aquifer properties. Changing the period of oscillation also resultsin observations with additional information. In theory, OHT is comparable toother hydraulic tomography methods in that distributed pressure changemeasurements provide characterization information. In practice, OHT has severalbenefits including: (1) little to no water injected into or extracted from theaquifer; and (2) an observational signal at a set period that can be easilyextracted in the presence of noise. We report the first field application ofOHT, carried out at the Boise Hydrogeophysical Research Site (BHRS) using anoscillating signal generator with a very small cycling volume of <2 L, and aperiod range of 5 to 70 s. For these tests, signals were detected at distancesof over 15 m. After processing to extract periodic signal properties, weperform tomography using a frequency‐domain numerical model for groundwater flow. In comparingresults against prior characterization results from the BHRS, we find moderateto strong positive correlations between K profiles estimated via differentmethods at multiple wells, with moderate overall correlation between estimatedthree‐dimensional (3D) K volumes.
建模和实验室实验表明，振荡水力层析成像（OHT）能够表征含水层水力特性的非均质性。在OHT中，通过以设定的频率进行周期性的泵送/注入来对位置施加压力，并在多个监视位置测量所得的扬声信号。振荡源反复移动，可以对含水层特性进行层析成像。改变振荡周期也会导致观察到更多信息。从理论上讲，OHT可与其他液压层析成像方法相媲美，因为分布式压力变化测量可提供特征信息。在实践中，OHT具有几个好处，包括：（1）很少或没有注入或注入含水层中的水；（2）在一定时期内的观察信号，在有噪声的情况下可以容易地提取。我们报告了OHT的首次现场应用，该应用是在博伊西水文地球物理研究站点（BHRS）上使用的振荡信号发生器进行的，其周期体积小于2 cyclingL，周期范围为5至70 s。对于这些测试，在超过15μm的距离处检测到信号。经过处理以提取周期性信号属性后，我们使用频域数值模型对地下水进行层析成像。在将结果与BHRS的先前表征结果进行比较时，我们发现在多口井通过不同方法估算的K剖面之间存在中等至强的正相关，而在估计的三维（3D）K体积之间存在适度的整体相关。
3. StochasticModeling of Groundwater Fluoride Contamination: Introducing Lazy Learners
by Khabat Khosravi, Rahim Barzegar, Shaghayegh Miraki, JanAdamowski, Prasad Daggupati, Mohammad Reza Alizadeh, Binh Thai Pham, MohammadTaghi Alami
地下水氟污染的随机模型：懒惰的学习者介绍
While it remains theprimary source of safe drinking and irrigation water in northwest Iran's MakuPlain, the region's groundwater is prone to fluoride contamination.Accordingly, modeling techniques to accurately predict groundwater fluorideconcentration are required. The current paper advances several novel datamining algorithms including Lazy learners [instance‐based K‐nearest neighbors (IBK); locally weighted learning (LWL);and KStar], a tree‐based algorithm(M5P), and a meta classifier algorithm [regression by discretization (RBD)] topredict groundwater fluoride concentration. Drawing on several groundwaterquality variables (e.g.,urn:x-wiley:0017467X:media:gwat12963:gwat12963-math-0001 concentrations),measured in each of 143 samples collected between 2004 and 2008, several modelspredicting groundwater fluoride concentrations were developed. The full datasetwas divided into two subsets: 70% for model training (calibration) and 30% formodel evaluation (validation). Models were validated using several statisticalevaluation criteria and three visual evaluation approaches (i.e., scatterplots, Taylor and Violin diagrams). Although Na+ and Ca2+ showed the greatestpositive and negative correlations with fluoride (r = 0.59 and −0.39,respectively), they were insufficient to reliably predict fluoride levels;therefore, other water quality variables, including those weakly correlatedwith fluoride, should be considered as inputs for fluoride prediction. The IBKmodel outperformed other models in fluoride contamination prediction, followedby KStar, RBD, M5P, and LWL. The RBD and M5P models were the least accurate interms of predicting peaks in fluoride concentration values. Results of thecurrent study can be used to support practical and sustainable management ofwater and groundwater resources.
尽管伊朗西北部马库平原的主要饮用水和灌溉水的主要来源仍然是地下水，但该地区的地下水容易受到氟化物的污染。因此，需要建模精确预测地下水氟化物的浓度。本文提出了几种新颖的数据挖掘算法，包括懒惰学习者[基于实例的K近邻（IBK）；本地加权学习（LWL）；和KStar]，基于树的算法（M5P）和元分类器算法[离散化回归（RBD）]来预测地下水中的氟化物浓度。利用2004年至2008年收集的143个样品中的每个测量的几个地下水质量变量（例如urn：x-wiley：0017467X：media：gwat12963：gwat12963-math-0001浓度），开发了几种预测地下水氟化物浓度的模型。完整的数据集分为两个子集：70％用于模型训练（校准）和30％用于模型评估（验证）。使用几种统计评估标准和三种视觉评估方法（即散点图，泰勒和小提琴图）对模型进行了验证。尽管Na +和Ca2 +与氟化物具有最大的正相关和负相关性（分别为r = 0.59和-0.39），但它们不足以可靠地预测氟化物的含量。因此，应将其他水质变量（包括与氟化物相关性较弱的变量）视为氟化物预测的输入。在氟化物污染预测方面，IBK模型优于其他模型，其次是KStar，RBD，M5P和LWL。就预测氟化物浓度值的峰值而言，RBD和M5P模型的准确性最差。本研究的结果可用于支持对水资源和地下水资源的实用和可持续管理。
4.GroundwaterStorage Change in the Jinsha River Basin from GRACE, Hydrologic Models, and InSitu Data
by Nengfang Chao, Gang Chen, Jian Li, Longwei Xiang, ZhengtaoWang, Kunjun Tian
基于GRACE、水文模型和原位数据的金沙江流域地下水储量变化
Groundwater plays amajor role in the hydrological processes driven by climate change and humanactivities, particularly in upper mountainous basins. The Jinsha River Basin(JRB) is the uppermost region of the Yangtze River and the largest hydropowerproduction region in China. With the construction of artificial cascadereservoirs increasing in this region, the annual and seasonal flows are changingand affecting the water cycles. Here, we first infer the groundwater storagechanges (GWSC), accounting for sediment transport in JRB, by combining theGravity Recovery and Climate Experiment mission, hydrologic models and in situdata. The results indicate: (1) the average estimation of the GWSC trend,accounting for sediment transport in JRB, is 0.76 ± 0.10 cm/year during theperiod 2003 to 2015, and the contribution of sediment transport accounts for15%; (2) precipitation (P), evapotranspiration (ET), soil moisture change,GWSC, and land water storage changes (LWSC) show clear seasonal cycles; theinterannual trends of LWSC and GWSC increase, but P, runoff (R), surface waterstorage change and SMC decrease, and ET remains basically unchanged; (3) themain contributor to the increase in LWSC in JRB is GWSC, and the increased GWSCmay be dominated by human activities, such as cascade damming and climatevariations (such as snow and glacier melt due to increased temperatures). Thisstudy can provide valuable information regarding JRB in China for understandingGWSC patterns and exploring their implications for regional water management.
地下水在由气候变化和人类活动驱动的水文过程中起着重要作用，特别是在山区上游。金沙江流域（JRB）是长江的最上游地区，也是中国最大的水电生产地区。随着该地区人工梯级水库建设的增加，年流量和季节流量都在变化并影响水循环。在这里，我们首先结合重力恢复和气候实验任务，水文模型和原位数据，推断出JRB中的泥沙运移，从而得出地下水储量变化（GWSC）。结果表明：（1）2003年至2015年，GWB趋势的平均估算值（占JRB的泥沙运移）为0.76±0.10 cm /年，占泥沙运移的比重为15％；（2）降水（P），蒸散量（ET），土壤水分变化，GWSC和土地蓄水量变化（LWSC）显示出明显的季节周期； LWSC和GWSC的年际趋势增加，但P，径流（R），地表水储量变化和SMC降低，而ET基本保持不变。（3）GWSC是造成JRB中LWSC增加的主要因素，而GWSC的增加可能由人类活动（如级联筑坝和气候变化（如温度升高引起的积雪和冰川融化））主导。这项研究可以提供有关JRB在中国的宝贵信息，以了解GWSC模式并探索其对区域水管理的意义。
5. GroundwaterDepth Forecasting Using Configurational Entropy Spectral Analyses with theOptimal Input
byTianli Guo, Songbai Song, Jihai Shi, Jun Li
最优输入的形态熵谱分析在地下水深度预测中的应用
Accurategroundwater depth forecasting is particularly important for human life andsustainable groundwater management in arid and semi‐aridareas. To improve the groundwater forecasting accuracy, in this paper, a hybridgroundwater depth forecasting model using configurational entropy spectralanalyses (CESA) with the optimal input is constructed. An original groundwaterdepth series is decomposed into subseries of different frequencies using thevariational mode decomposition (VMD) method. Cross‐correlationanalysis and Shannon entropy methods are applied to select the optimal inputseries for the model. The ultimate forecasted values of the groundwater depthcan be obtained from the various forecasted values of the selected series withthe CESA model. The applicability of the hybrid model is verified using thegroundwater depth data from four monitoring wells in the Xi'an of NorthwestChina. The forecasting accuracy of the models was evaluated based on theaverage relative error (RE), root mean square error (RMSE), correlationcoefficient (R) and Nash‐Sutcliffe coefficient(NSE). The results indicated that comparing with the CESA and autoregressivemodel, the hybrid model has higher prediction performance.
准确的地下水深度预测对于干旱和半干旱地区的人类生活和可持续的地下水管理尤其重要。为了提高地下水的预测精度，本文建立了一种基于最优输入的配置熵谱分析（CESA）的混合地下水深度预测模型。使用变分模式分解（VMD）方法将原始地下水深度系列分解为不同频率的子系列。应用互相关分析和香农熵方法为模型选择最佳输入序列。可以使用CESA模型从所选序列的各种预测值中获得地下水深度的最终预测值。利用西北地区西安市4口监测井的地下水深度数据验证了该混合模型的适用性。基于平均相对误差（RE），均方根误差（RMSE），相关系数（R）和Nash-Sutcliffe系数（NSE）评估了模型的预测准确性。结果表明，与CESA和自回归模型相比，混合模型具有更高的预测性能。
6.Characterizing Water Flow in Vegetated Lysimeters with Stable Water Isotopes and Modeling
byFatemeh Shajari, Florian Einsiedl, Arno Rein
用稳定水同位素表征植被测渗仪中的水流并进行建模
Wehave used stable water isotopes (δ18O, δ2H)in combination with lumped‐parameter modeling forcharacterizing unsaturated flow in two lysimeters vegetated with maize. Thelysimeters contained undisturbed soil cores dominated by sandy gravel (Ly1) andclayey sandy silt (Ly2). Stable water isotopes were analyzed in precipitationand lysimeter outflow water over about 3 years. The mean transit time of waterT and dispersion parameter PD, obtained from modeling, were higher for the siltsoil in Ly2 than for the gravel soil in Ly1 (T of 362 vs. 129 d, PD of 0.7 vs.0.12). The consideration of preferential flow (PF) paths could substantiallyimprove the model curve fits, with 13 and 11% contribution of PF for Ly1 andLy2 as best estimates. Different assumptions were compared to estimate theinput function, that is, stable water isotope content in the recharging water.Using the isotopic composition of precipitation as input (no modification)resulted in reasonable model estimations. Best model fits for the entireobservation were obtained by weighting the recharging isotopes according toaverage precipitation within periods of 3 and 6 months, in correspondence tochanging vegetation phases and seasonal influences. Input functions thatconsider actual evapotranspiration could significantly improve modeling at someperiods, however, this led to deviations between modeled and observed δ18O atother periods. This may indicate the influence of variable flow, so thatdividing the whole observation period into hydraulically characteristic sub‐periodsfor lumped‐parameter modeling (which implementssteady‐state flow) is recommended forpossible further improvement.
我们已将稳定的水同位素（δ18O，δ2H）与集总参数模型结合使用，以表征两个装有玉米的溶渗仪中的非饱和流。溶渗仪包含未被扰动的土壤核心，主要为沙砾（Ly1）和黏性沙质粉砂（Ly2）。在大约3年的时间里，分析了降水和溶渗仪流出水中的稳定水同位素。从模型中获得的水T和弥散参数PD的平均迁移时间对于Ly2的淤泥土要高于Ly1的砾石土（T为362vs. 129 d，PD为0.7 vs. 0.12）。优先流动（PF）路径的考虑可以大大改善模型曲线的拟合度，其中PF对Ly1和Ly2的贡献分别为13％和11％。比较了不同的假设以估计输入函数，即补给水中稳定的水同位素含量。使用降水的同位素组成作为输入（无修改）可得出合理的模型估计。通过根据3个月和6个月内的平均降水量对补给同位素进行加权，获得最佳的模型拟合，以适应不断变化的植被阶段和季节影响。考虑实际蒸散量的输入函数可以在某些时期显着改善建模，但是，这导致在其他时期建模和观测的δ18O之间存在偏差。这可能表明了可变流量的影响，因此建议将整个观测期划分为水力特征子时段以进行集总参数建模（实现稳态流量），以便进一步改进。
7.Groundwater Origin in Qanats, Chemo‐Isotopic,and Hydrogeological Evidence
by Hojat Mirani Moghadam, Rahim Bagheri, Gholam Hossein Karami, Hadi Jafari
地下水起源于坎儿井，化学同位素及水文地质证据
Asystematic study of the chemo‐isotopic characteristicsand origin of the groundwater was carried out at six major qanats in the hyper‐aridGonabad area, eastern Iran. These qanats as a sustainable groundwaterextraction technology have a long history, supporting human life for more than athousand years in this region. The Gonabad qanats are characterized by outletelectrical conductivity (EC) values of 750 to 3900 µS/cm and HCO3‐Na‐Mgand Cl‐Na water types. The Gonabadmeteoric water line (GnMWL) was drawn at the local scale as δ2H = 6.32×δ18O + 8.35(with R2 = 0.90). It has a lower slope and intercept than the global meteoricwater line due to different water vapor sources and isotope kineticfractionation effects during precipitation in this arid region. The altitudeeffects on isotopic content of precipitation data were derived as δ18O =(−0.0031 × H(m.a.s.l))−1.3). The δ2H and δ18O isotopes signatures demonstrate ameteoric origin of the groundwater of these qanats. The shift of the qanat'swater samples from the local meteoric water line (LMWL) in a dry period withhigher temperatures is most probably due to evaporation during the infiltrationprocess and water movement in qanat gallery. Based on the isotopic results andmass balance calculations, the qanats are locally recharged from an area between2000 to 2400 m.a.s.l of nearby carbonate formations and coarse alluvialsediments. The dissolution of evaporate interlayers in Neogene depositsdeteriorates the groundwater quality, especially in Baidokht qanat.
在伊朗东部超干旱的戈纳巴德地区的六个主要坎井上进行了化学同位素特征和地下水来源的系统研究。这些可卡因作为一种可持续的地下水提取技术，有着悠久的历史，在该地区支持人类一千多年的生命。戈纳巴德坎儿井的特征是出口电导率（EC）值为750至3900µS / cm，以及HCO3-Na-Mg和Cl-Na水类型。绘制了Gonabad流水线（GnMWL），其局部比例为δ2H=6.32×δ18O+ 8.35（R2= 0.90）。由于不同的水汽源和该干旱地区降水过程中的同位素动力学分馏效应，它的斜率和截距比全球流水线低。海拔高度对降水数据同位素含量的影响推导为δ18O=（-0.0031×H（m.a.s.l））-1.3）。δ2H和δ18O同位素特征表明这些卡纳特河的地下水是陨石起源的。戈纳巴德坎儿井水样在较高温度的干旱时期从本地流水线（LMWL）移出的原因很可能是由于渗透过程中的蒸发以及戈纳巴德坎儿井的移动所致。根据同位素结果和质量平衡计算，从附近2000年至2400μm.a.s.l的附近碳酸盐岩地层和较粗的冲积沉积物的区域中对戈纳巴德坎儿井进行局部补给。新近纪沉积物中蒸发夹层的溶解会降低地下水质量，尤其是在Baidokht坎儿井中。
8. Sulfur Hexafluoride and Potassium Bromide asGroundwater Tracers for Managed Aquifer Recharge
bySarah P. Gerenday, Jordan F. Clark, Jeffrey Hansen, Ida Fischer, John Koreny
六氟化硫和溴化钾作为地下水示踪剂明确含水层补给
Sulfurhexafluoride (SF6) is an established tracer for use in managed aquifer rechargeprojects. SF6 exsolves from groundwater when it encounters trapped airaccording to Henry's law. This results in its retardation relative togroundwater flow, which can help determine porous media saturation and flowdynamics. SF6 and the conservative, nonpartitioning tracer, bromide (Br− addedas KBr), were introduced to recharge water infiltrated into stacked glacialaquifers in Thurston County, Washington, providing the opportunity to observeSF6 partitioning. Br−, which is assumed to travel at the same velocity as thegroundwater, precedes SF6 at most monitoring wells (MWs). Average groundwatervelocity in the unconfined aquifer in the study area ranges from 3.9 to 40 m/d,except in the southwestern corner where it is slower. SF6 in the shallowaquifer exhibits an average retardation factor of 2.5 ± 3.8, suggesting an air‐to‐waterratio on the order of 10−3 to 10−2 in the pore space. Notable differences intracer arrival times at adjacent wells indicate very heterogeneousconductivity. One MW exhibits double peaks in concentrations of both tracerswith different degrees of retardation for the first and second peaks. Thissuggests multiple flowpaths to the well with variable saturation. The confininglayer between the upper two aquifers appears to allow intermittent connectionbetween aquifers but serves as an aquitard in most areas. This studydemonstrates the utility of SF6 partitioning for evaluating hydrologic conditionsat prospective recharge sites.
六氟化硫（SF6）是用于明确的含水层补给项的公认示踪剂。根据亨利定律，SF6遇困空气时会从地下水中溶解。这导致其相对于地下水流动的滞后性，可以帮助确定多孔介质的饱和度和流动动力学。引入了SF6和保守的，非分配示踪剂的溴化物（以KBr形式添加的Br-），以补充渗入到华盛顿瑟斯顿县堆积的冰川含水层中的水，从而提供了观察SF6分配的机会。在大多数监测井（MWs）中，假定的Br-以与地下水相同的速度传播，在SF6之前。除西南角较慢的区域外，研究区内无限制含水层的平均地下水速度范围为3.9至40μm/d。浅层含水层中的SF6的平均延迟因子为2.5±3.8，表明孔隙空间中的空水比约为10-3至10-2。示踪剂到达相邻井的时间的显着差异表明电导率非常不均匀。一个兆瓦在两个示踪剂的浓度上均表现出双峰，其中第一峰和第二峰的延迟程度不同。这表明饱和度可变的井的多条流径。上部两个含水层之间的限制层似乎允许含水层之间的间歇性连接，但在大多数区域中都充当了水隔层。这项研究证明了SF6分区在评估预期补给地点的水文条件方面的实用性。
9. A Type‐Curve Method for the Analysis of Pumping Testswith Piecewise‐LinearPumping Rates
byChao Zhuang, Yabing Li, Zhifang Zhou, Walter A. Illman, Zhi Dou, Jinguo Wang,Long Yan
分段线性抽水率抽水试验的类型曲线方法
Aquiferhydraulic parameters are commonly inferred from constant‐ratepumping tests, while variable pumping rates are frequently encountered inactual field conditions. In this study, we propose a generally applicabledimensionless form of the analytical solution for variable‐ratepumping tests in confined aquifers. In particular, we adopt a piecewise‐linearfitting of variable pumping rates and propose a new type‐curvemethod for estimating the hydraulic conductivity (K) and specific storage (Ss)of the investigated confined aquifer. For each test, a series of type curves,which depend on the variable pumping rates, the location of observation wellsand the introduced first dimensionless inflection time, need to be provided formatching the observed drawdown data on a log‐log graph. We firstdemonstrate the applicability and robustness of this method through a syntheticpumping test. Subsequently, we apply this method to analyze drawdown data fromfour pumping tests conducted within a multilayered aquifer/aquitard system inWuxi city, Jiangsu Province, China. The parameter estimates are then comparedwith those reported by PEST. The K and Ss values estimated by the new type‐curvemethod are found to be quite close to PEST‐based estimates.Parameter estimation results demonstrate the difference in K and Ss valuesbetween observation wells. The difference could be attributed to the spatialheterogeneity in K and Ss. A future research topic may focus on thecharacterization of K and Ss heterogeneity with the currently availabledrawdown data from variable‐rate pumping tests.
含水层水力参数通常是从恒速泵送测试中推导出来的，而在实际现场条件下经常会遇到可变的泵送速率。在这项研究中，我们提出了一种普遍适用的无量纲形式的分析解决方案，用于受限含水层中的可变速率抽水试验。特别是，我们采用了可变抽水率的分段线性拟合，并提出了一种新的曲线方法来估算所研究的承压含水层的水力传导率（K）和比存储（Ss）。对于每个测试，需要提供一系列类型曲线，这些曲线取决于变量泵送速率，观察井的位置和引入的第一个无量纲拐点时间，以匹配对数-对数图上观察到的下降数据。我们首先通过合成泵测试证明了该方法的适用性和鲁棒性。随后，我们使用这种方法来分析来自江苏省无锡市多层含水层/阿奎塔尔系统中进行的四个抽水试验的水位下降数据。然后将参数估计值与PEST报告的估计值进行比较。发现通过新的类型曲线方法估计的K和Ss值非常接近基于PEST的估计。参数估计结果表明，观察井之间的K和Ss值存在差异。差异可以归因于K和Ss的空间异质性。未来的研究主题可能集中在利用可变速率抽水试验中当前可用的压降数据表征K和Ss的异质性。
Methods Note
DTSGUI: A Python Program to Process andVisualize Fiber‐OpticDistributed Temperature Sensing Data
byMarian Domanski, Daven Quinn, Frederick D. Day‐Lewis, Martin A. Briggs,Dale Werkema, John W. Lane Jr.
DTSGUI：处理和可视化光纤分布式温度传感数据的Python程序
Fiber‐opticdistributed temperature sensing (FO‐DTS) has proven to be atransformative technology for the hydrologic sciences, with application to diverseproblems including hyporheic exchange, groundwater/surface‐waterinteraction, fractured‐rock characterization,and cold regions hydrology. FO‐DTS produces large,complex, and information‐rich datasets. Despitethe potential of FO‐DTS, adoption of the technologyhas been impeded by lack of tools for data processing, analysis, andvisualization. New tools are needed to efficiently and fully capitalize on theinformation content of FO‐DTS datasets. To thisend, we present DTSGUI, a public‐domain Python‐basedsoftware package for editing, parsing, processing, statistical analysis,georeferencing, and visualization of FO‐DTS data.
光纤分布式温度感测（FO‐DTS）已被证明是水文学的一项变革性技术，已应用于多种问题，包括低交换性，地下水/地表水相互作用，裂隙岩石特征和寒冷地区水文学。 FO‐DTS生成大型，复杂且信息丰富的数据集。尽管FO‐DTS具有潜力，但由于缺乏用于数据处理，分析和可视化的工具，该技术的采用受到了阻碍。需要新的工具来有效和充分利用FO-DTS数据集的信息内容。为此，我们展示了DTSGUI，这是一个基于Python的公共领域的软件包，用于FO-DTS数据的编辑，解析，处理，统计分析，地理配准和可视化。
2.DISOLV: A PythonPackage for the Interpretation of Borehole Dilution Tests
by Sarah L. Collins, Marco Bianchi
DISOLV：用于解释井孔稀释测试的Python软件包
Single boreholedilution tests (SBDTs) are an inexpensive but effective technique forhydrogeological characterization of hard‐rock aquifers. We present a freely available, easy‐to‐use, open‐source Python package, DISOLV, for plotting, analyzing,and modeling SBDT data. DISOLV can significantly reduce the time spentinterpreting field data by helping to identify flowing fractures intersectingthe borehole and estimate the corresponding flow rates. DISOLV is successfullybenchmarked against two analytical solutions. We also present an exampleapplication to real data collected in a borehole in a crystalline basementaquifer in southern India.
单孔稀释测试（SBDT）是一种用于对硬岩含水层进行水文地质表征的廉价但有效的技术。我们提供了一个免费的，易于使用的开源Python软件包DISOLV，用于绘制，分析和建模SBDT数据。 DISOLV通过帮助识别与井眼相交的流动裂缝并估算相应的流速，可以显着减少花费在解释现场数据上的时间。 DISOLV已成功针对两种分析解决方案进行了基准测试。我们还提供了一个示例应用程序，用于印度南部结晶地下室含水层的井眼中采集的真实数据。
3.Comparison ofTwo Computational Methods for Estimating Transmissivity Based on the PickingEquation
by A. Mills
基于Picking方程估算透射率的两种计算方法的比较
A comparison ispresented of two computational methods, PICKINGmodel and PPC‐Recovery, to estimate transmissivities based on thePicking equation using water‐level recovery datafrom brief pumping tests of relatively low‐yielding domestic wells. The tests were performed by the United StatesGeological Survey (USGS) in 50 domestic bedrock wells in south‐central New York State, and USGS staff performed theanalysis using PICKINGmodel based on the Picking equation. The resultsindicated that the estimated transmissivities ranged from 0.86 to 2900 ft2/d(0.080 to 270 m2/d) with a median of 41 ft2/d (3.8 m2/d). The same data werelater analyzed using PPC‐Recovery also basedon the Picking equation. The two sets of estimated transmissivities werecompared and statistically had the same median value at a probability of 95%.In another analysis, the PPC‐Recovery method wasapplied to the same data that had been truncated at the point when the slope ofthe recovery data curve began to deviate from a straight line aligned with the middleportion of the recovery data. Comparing these resulting estimates oftransmissivity with values originally obtained using the PICKINGmodel, the twohad statistically the same median value for transmissivity at a probability of95%. It was concluded that using PPC‐Recovery in this manner to estimate transmissivity in low‐yielding domestic wells will yield transmissivity valuessufficiently close to the results had PICKINGmodel been used, and with lesstime and effort.
提出了两种计算方法PICKINGmodel和PPC-Recovery的比较，以使用来自相对低产家庭井的简短抽水测试中的水位恢复数据，基于Picking方程估算透射率。测试是由美国地质调查局（USGS）在纽约州中南部的50座家庭基岩井中进行的，USGS员工使用基于Picking方程的PICKING模型进行了分析。结果表明，估计的透射率范围为0.86至2900平方英尺/天（0.080至270平方米/天），中值为41平方英尺/天（3.8平方米/天）。后来也根据Picking公式使用PPC-Recovery分析了相同的数据。对两组估计的透射率进行比较，并在统计学上以95％的概率具有相同的中值。在另一项分析中，将PPC-Recovery方法应用于在恢复数据曲线的斜率开始偏离与恢复数据的中间部分对齐的直线时被截断的相同数据。将这些透射率的最终估计值与最初使用PICKING模型获得的值进行比较，二者在统计学上具有相同的透射率中值，概率为95％。得出的结论是，以这种方式使用PPC-Recovery来估算低产量家庭井中的透射率将产生足够接近使用PICKING模型的结果的透射率值，并且花费的时间和精力更少。
4.A DualDelineation Approach to Untangle Interferences in Well Doublets Systems
by Mohammed Adil Sbai
双重描述井双峰系统中纠缠干扰的方法
Traditional numericalmethods for the delineation of wellhead protection areas span deterministic andprobabilistic approaches. They provide time‐related capture zones. However, none of the existing approaches identifiesthe groundwater contribution areas related to each source or sink. In thiswork, the worthiness of the so‐called doubledelineation approach was extended. This task was achieved by simplepostprocessing of its dual outputs leading to a highly efficient screening tool.In the particular context of geothermal resources management through the welldoublets of the Dogger aquifer in the Paris Basin (France), the approach wasextended to forecast the compositional heat breakthrough at production wells.Hence, cold‐water breakthrough and temperature decline in productionwells are timely assessed in low‐enthalpy geothermal reservoirs. The method quantifies how groundwatervolumes are moving through space and time between any couple of source and sink.It provides unprecedented tools advancing the enhanced understanding of waterresources systems functioning. It is highly recommended to implement thepresented concepts in the current and future generations of communitygroundwater models.
用于界定井口保护区的传统数值方法跨越确定性和概率性方法。它们提供了与时间相关的捕获区域。但是，现有方法均未确定与每个水源或汇有关的地下水贡献区域。在这项工作中，扩展了所谓的双重划界方法的价值。这项任务是通过对其双重输出进行简单的后处理而实现的，从而产生了一种高效的筛选工具。在通过巴黎盆地（法国）Dogger含水层的双井进行地热资源管理的特殊情况下，该方法已扩展为预测生产井的成分热突破。因此，及时在低焓地热储层中评估生产井的冷水突破和温度下降。该方法量化了地下水量如何在任意两个水源和水槽之间通过空间和时间运动。它提供了空前的工具，有助于加深对水资源系统功能的理解。强烈建议在当前和未来的社区地下水模型中实施提出的概念。
Case Study
1．Optimal Location of Wells for Storage andRecovery of Surplus Desalinated Water in Coastal Aquifers
byChefi Triki, Slim Zekri, Ali Al‐Maktoumi,Mohammad R. Bazargan‐Lari
沿海含水层中储存和回收淡化水的最佳井位
Storage of water in aquifers usinginjection wells is an efficient way for utilizing excess desalinated water inarid regions. In this investigation we estimate the benefits of optimallyrecharging seasonal surplus desalinated water into a strategic coastal aquifer alreadybenefitting from natural recharge of flash‐floods water by arecharge dam. Since, usually the buyers of desalinated water commit to purchasesurplus desalinated water under take‐or‐paycontracts, any attempt in utilizing the paid water is beneficial. Coastalcities are observing an increased urbanization leaving limited space foraquifer recharge infrastructure. In order to determine the optimal location ofwells and maximize the use of surplus desalinated water available in winter period,a decision tool combining a numerical groundwater flow simulation model(MODFLOW) with an optimization model is developed. The results of this studyshow that increasing the number of wells from the existing 45 wells to 173would allow storing 31.4 million cubic meter per year of excess desalinatedwater into the aquifer that can be used during later during summer months. Thenet benefit would reach US$55 million/year while the cost of drilling the newwells is US$5.11 million.
使用注入井将水储存在含水层中是在干旱地区利用过量淡化水的有效方法。在这项调查中，我们估算了将季节性过剩淡化水最佳地充填到战略性含水层中的好处，该战略性含水层已经受益于补给水坝对闪蒸水的自然补给。由于通常淡化水的购买者承诺根据“买或付”合同购买多余的淡化水，因此任何尝试使用有偿水都是有益的。沿海城市的城市化进程不断加快，为含水层补给基础设施留出了有限的空间。为了确定井的最佳位置并最大程度地利用冬季可用的过剩淡化水，开发了将数值地下水流模拟模型（MODFLOW）与优化模型相结合的决策工具。这项研究的结果表明，将井数从现有的45口增加到173口，每年可以将3140万立方米的多余淡化水存储到含水层中，并可以在夏季的后期使用。每年的净收益将达到5500万美元，而钻新井的成本为511万美元。
2．Exploring Groundwater Resources and RechargePotentialities at El‐GallabaPlain, Western Desert, Egypt
byMohamed H. Geriesh, Basma M.H. Mansour, Ahmed Gaber, Khalid Mamoun
在埃及西部沙漠的El-Gallaba平原探索地下水资源和补给潜力
Egypthas a fast‐growing population rate of 2.5%/year;consequently, there is an increase in the water demand for living and launchingdifferent development plans. Meanwhile, there is intensive construction ofseveral dams in the upstream Nile basin countries. Thus, it is necessary tosearch for new water resources to overcome the expected shortages of the Nilewater supply by focusing on alternative groundwater resources. El‐GallabaPlain area is one of the most promising areas in the western desert of Egyptattaining the priority for new reclamation projects; however, itshydrogeological setting is not well understood. The present work aims atidentifying the recharge potential of the groundwater aquifers in El‐GallabaPlain, as well as exploring the role of geologic structures as naturalconduits, and evaluating the groundwater types, origin and distribution. Theintegration of hydrogeophysical studies (aero and land magnetic surveys,vertical electrical sounding), hydrochemical analyses and remote sensing weresuccessfully used for assessing the groundwater development potential. Thehydrogeophysical studies show a large graben bound aquifer with thicknessexceeding 220 m. The hydrochemical results indicate the presence of three majorwater types; Na mix, NaCl, NaClHCO3 with salinities ranging between 227 and4324 mg/L. The aquifer receives little recharge from the western fracturedcalcareous plateau from past pluvial periods and scarce present flashfloods.There is no indication for recent recharge from Lake Nasser to the aquiferdomain. Further modeling studies are essential for establishing sustainableabstraction levels from this aquifer.
埃及的人口增长率为每年2.5％；因此，生活和启动不同发展计划的用水需求增加了。同时，在尼罗河流域上游的国家正在密集建设几座水坝。因此，有必要通过关注替代地下水资源来寻找新的水资源，以克服尼罗河供水的预期短缺。 El-Gallaba平原地区是埃及西部沙漠中最有前途的地区之一，已成为新填海项目的重点。然而，它的水文地质环境还没有被很好地理解。本工作旨在确定El-Gallaba平原地下水蓄水层的补给潜力，并探索地质结构作为天然管道的作用，并评估地下水的类型，来源和分布。水文地球物理研究（航空和陆地磁测量，垂直电测深），水化学分析和遥感的整合已成功用于评估地下水开发潜力。水文地球物理研究表明，大型grab陷约束含水层的厚度超过220exceedingm。水化学结果表明存在三种主要水类型。钠混合物，NaCl，NaClClHCO3，盐度范围为227至4324mg/ L。过去的干旱期，西部裂缝性钙质高原的含水层几乎没有补给，目前的洪水泛滥。没有迹象表明最近从纳赛尔湖向含水层域补给水。进一步的建模研究对于从该含水层建立可持续的抽象水平至关重要。
END
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